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01410_Field_159.cap.txt
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@
Sartre wrote
most of his
important
philosophical
work before he
was 40, and
although much
of it seems
impenetrable, it
established him
not only as one of
the great thinkers
of his time, but
also, in the
popular imagi-
nation, as the
archetype of
a modern
philosopher
#
Jan-Paul Sartre's
existentialism
was based on the
notion that we
have no essence
(determining
inner spirit),
only existence.
Our 'character'
is simply the
sum of our
experiences. His
autobiographical
writings and
many plays are
more accessible
than his philo-
sophical works
#
Sartre believed
existentialism
should bring
people to a sense
of their own
responsibility,
and to freedom.
Each human
being was able to
create their
values, but was
also condemned,
by their situation,
to recreate those
values with each
choice they made,
and every action
they performed
#
Camus' work represents what is perhaps the most despairing strand
in existential thought. Characters such as the hero of his novel
The Outsider are painfully aware of the fact that, in the end, everything
is meaningless
@
Sartre became
the leading
Parisian intel-
lectual after
the second world
war and the
pivotal figure in
the city's Left
Bank cafe society
of artists and
activists: here he
is seen in 1946
on the Pont Neuf.
He published a
journal, Les
Temps Modernes,
and became
heavily engaged
in left-wing
politics
#
At the outbreak
of the Algerian
war of indep-
endence Sartre
was the main
proponent of
liberation for
France's colonial
territories. He
sharply attacked
successive French
governments, and
was banned from
appearing on
state-controlled
media. His flat
was twice
bombed by right-
wing supporters
of colonialism
#
In 1964 Sartre
refused the Nobel
Prize for Liter-
ature. Ironically
for someone
whose philosophy
was based on
freedom of action,
his turned out
to be a choice he
could not make:
the committee
does not consult
the nominee, so
Sartre remained
the winner
#
Sartre's opposition
to US involvement
in Vietnam won
the admiration of
young radicals. In
the student
uprisings of May
1968 in Paris, he
became a sort of
godfather to the
revolution which,
for a brief
moment, looked
likely to engulf
French society
#
Simone de Beauvoir
was Sartre's life-
long companion.
Together they took
over La Cause Du
Peuple, a Maoist
newspaper of
which they were
both previous
editors, to save
it from closure.
In 1970 the paper
was banned by the
French government
#
By the time Sartre
died he had
changed the philo-
sophical climate
of a generation.
Thoughtful people
were now less
sure of their
own exclusivity,
they were more
aware of their
own absurdity,
and above all
they were better
equipped to find
their own freedom
@